METROPOLITAN SEPULCHRE / Thomas Wilson

Reblogged from Laphams Quarterly

In 1820 a little-known architect named Thomas Wilson proposed a plan for “a metropolitan cemetery on a scale commensurate with the necessities of the largest city in the world, embracing prospectively the demands of centuries, sufficiently capacious to receive five million of the dead, where they may repose in perfect security, without interfering with the comfort, the health, the business, the property, or the pursuits of the living.” What he proposed, in short, was a massive pyramid, its base covering eighteen acres and its height well above that of St. Peter’s Cathedral—a metropolitan sepulchre, a skyscraper for the dead.

ELEVATION / Metropolitan Sepulchre c.1820
Wilson envisioned massive flights of stairs on each side of the pyramid, leading to an obelisk on top that would include an observatory. In the gardens around the pyramid, a sculpture garden would counterpoint the “bold, monotonous, and sombre background of the pyramid;” not just a house for the dead, it would be a monument for all of London.

“This grand mausoleum,” Wilson claimed, “will go far towards completing the glory of London. It will rise in majesty over its splendid fanes and lofty towers—teaching the living to die, and the dying to live for ever.” Moreover, it would pay for itself. At £5 per burial (around $500 today) the project would return a tidy profit for its investors.

Wilson’s idea was rejected in favor of the garden cemetery plan recently pioneered in Paris’s Père Lachaise. Specifically, the cemetery was designed as an antidote to city life; it was an idyllic natural repose where the living could escape the bustle of the city by communing in verdant fields with their loved ones. Wilson’s pyramid, on the other hand, was to be an extension of it—just as urbanites dwelled in spectacular architecture and ever-taller buildings, so too might their dearly departed.

 Now, almost two hundred years later, necessity is once again enlarging how we view the dead and what we will accept as their final resting place. In these new spires of mourning, we hearken back to Cheops’s Pyramid and Wilson’s Metropolitan Sepulchre, recalling the past even as we prepare for the future.
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MEMORIAL NECROPOLE ECUMENICA



The Memorial Necropole Ecumenica is the tallest cemetery in the world. The first building Memorial Necropole Ecumenica 1 was built in 1984, with Memorial Necropole 2 following later that year. Though not Brasil's first multi-storey cemetery, perhaps it is the one most ahead of its time. As the brain-child of Jose 'Pepe' Alstut it was not only conceived of as a solution to the lack of space in the cemeteries of the region but also as an attempt to demystify the macabre of the typology.

Though the structure appears to be surrounded by vegetation, set against the picturesque background of Morro Marape, it is in fact located on a transition between mountain and city, next to homes and small industry, and a short walk from the local sports grounds.

BETWEEN THE MOUNTAIN & THE CITY
In all honesty I had not spent much time researching Brazilian Vertical Cemeteries before the completed (somewhat) Arcade proposal - using it primarily as a precedent of method rather than attitude. However the similarities between it and my own ideas and proposals (whether by chance or not) are unavoidable. By building upwards the Necropolis is able to use an innovative ducting system to divert odour into the atmosphere, and protect the remains from insects and stray dogs. Its concentration of real estate allows it to occupy a location close to living, and this together with its iconic form and current status as a tourist destination allow it to go some way in fulfilling its objective of demystifying the cemetery.

Vertical cemeteries are not an aberration or instance of architectural whimsy. They have been a solution to the real issue of overpopulation for over 30 years and are going to continue to do so for the indefinite future. Perhaps the trajectory of their typology will mirror that of the skyscraper itself, becoming ever taller, ever so often speckled with vegetation. Having learnt the lessons of the skyscraper however, hopefully that can be avoided, and the vertical cemetery can represent a meaningful and appropriate mediation of the problems of our time - now and forwards into the future.
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CEMETERIO SAN JOSE



While trying find information on the Memorial Necropole Ecumenica in Sao Paolo and Brazilian vertical cemeteries in general I stumbled across (thank you Google Translate) the Cemeterio San Jose in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul at skyscrapercity.org. From what I can gather the built structures are at least 30 years old and as you can see from the streetview and map above, the entire complex is vast.

At a guess I would assume that the bodies are placed horizontally, as the frontpieces of each tomb look too large for an ossuary.

VERTICAL CEMETERY / Architectural Solution to Cemetery Overcrowding
Brazil built its first crematorium in 1983 in Sao Paulo at around the same time as the San Jose Cemetery would have been built. It seems as though Brazil was attempting to solve the overcrowding of its cemeteries architecturally rather than relying on the technological solution of cremation. As cremation is becoming more difficult to sustain due to ever more stringent environmental regulations, I would suggest that they had the right idea.
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BUNDANG MEMORIAL PARK

Bundang Memorial Park is one of the larger active cemeteries in and around Seoul. It offers a range of solutions for burial, providing a modern interpretation the traditional Korean burial site, increased in spread, and in density where required.

BUNDANG MEMORIAL PARK
Graves range in type, from the more traditional, to the standardised, to the individual, to the collective and yet personal. These do differ in price, which may not be especially egalitarian but at least does offer the opportunity of an enviable grave site for almost everyone.

MODERN INDIVIDUAL
COLLECTIVE MODERN
TRADITIONAL INDIVIDUAL
INDIVIDUAL MODERN
Bundang Memorial Park is undeniably attractive, and in many parts have a level of considerate design that shadows even  the National Cemetery in Seoul, but look a little closer and there are cracks in the veneer. Some are issues are not limited to this site alone, but others perhaps particular to this example of a contemporary, commercial memorial venture, that leave a rather bitter taste in the mouth.

SEPARATIONS
Give or take a few hundred metres, the cemetery is 18 miles (29km) from the centre of Seoul. This is a similar distance between the London Necropolis (Brookwood Cemetery) and the centre of London. Brookwood Cemetery was the largest cemetery in the world when it was created in 1852, had its own dedicated railway line direct from Waterloo station, and is still the largest cemetery in Western Europe. It was proposed when London filled its local burial sites and had to look outside the city limits for a solution.

Seoul has attempted to solve its own sprawl by the creation of vast satellite cities along its boundaries. At the same time its remaining active cemeteries have begun to sprawl across the mountains they occupy. As fewer and fewer have the space to expand the number of active sites becomes smaller as they grow larger. Koreans increasingly compete for space for the dead as well as the living. The same implications of high demand and low supply apply to both.

NOT A BUYERS MARKET
Only half of these burial plots are occupied. The rest represent a series of options for potential buyers, of colour and shape, with potential oppurtunities to upgrade just up the hill. Its important to give the impression of a fully occupied plot, any otherwise would just look barren. They're modern and convenient, and should you want to retain that traditional charm, well that's just another optional extra, at a premium of course.

PICK A COLOUR, ANY COLOUR
Once the transaction has been confirmed, and the property occupied, should the required rent not be maintained in perpetuity, the resident will unfortunately have to be evicted. Space is at a premium, and there are plenty of people willing to pay good money for a choice plot in such a popular location.

NOTICE OF EVICTION DUE TO UNPAID RENT
Commercialisation does have its benefits. In order to compete, a higher level of service has to be provided, albeit for a higher price, and in the case of Bundang the upgrade is a better service - showing what could be possible if a certain level of design was applied.

Why though, should this be limited to those who can afford the pay scale? Where only the rich can afford some kind of cultural relavence and the others scramble for a hole in the ground, just to avoid what lies at the bottom of the barrel.

EITHER
OR
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ITS ALL A MATTER OF SCALE

SEOUL NATIONAL CEMETERY
Seoul, Republic of Korea
140 football pitches

BUNDANG MEMORIAL PARK
Bundang, Republic of Korea
249 football pitches

REGENTS PARK
London, United Kingdom
232 football pitches

BROOKWOOD CEMETERY
The London Necropolis, Woking, United Kingdom
255 football pitches (the largest cemetery in Western Europe)

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SHAPES / memorial

These are some of the photographs I took while visiting the Seoul National Cemetery. I intend to go back to attempt to sketch out my thoughts properly. I had no idea how large the place was, and though I arrived in the early afternoon, by the time I'd walked round most of the perimeter, the light was fading, and the cemetery closing for the day.








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SPIRIT OF THE NATION

Reading the signs and placards dotted around the site and visiting the exhibits makes you realise that this is a country that struggled to have a chance to exist, and from all over the cemetery you can see the city that capitalised on that chance, so you can imagine visitors looking back to the city that they live in and contemplating that relationship.

Towards the western slopes - photo by TD

The cemetery is clean, and well tended, much like the rest of the city, but seems to attract fewer people than perhaps it should. Admittedly there were walkers and berry-pickers but again less than might be expected, were I in a park or an ordinary hillside. 

The exhibits were empty and when asked whether they had many visitors, a custodian replied 'No, not many, mostly students' (referring to the school trips that seem to frequent these places). This didn't really make sense. The site had so many qualities to incite habitation by living Koreans, it was as if an equation had been written, but somehow it did not equal 'people'.

Hill walks - photo by TD

Yet perhaps this is understandable. The cemetery is cut off in so many ways from the living Seoul physically; highway, valley, river Han - that it would be rational for it to be cut off mentally as well.

Towards the eastern slopes - photo by TD
80% of those interred here, died during the Korean war. Fifty years have passed since the end of the Korean war and there are now very few visitors to the graves of the war dead, giving the place a forlorn feeling. To bring back some life to this place and to ensure that those who sacrificed their lives for our country can rest in peace and be remembered, the Cemetery is staging the One Flower, One Citizen campaign. The Seoul National Cemetery Management Team
Perhaps the forlornness is due to the fact that few contemporary Koreans have immediate familial connections to the National Cemetery and could be solved by siting more internments there. A visit to an active contemporary site might confirm this. One option for 6 FEET UP could be to provide that proposal - a scheme to reinvigorate Seoul National Cemetery by linking modern memorial to historical.

I suspect the issue is a little more complicated, and believe additionally that a cemetery that is already removed from its community cannot be reattached by simply constructing a new memorial nearby with stronger bonds. If Seoul National Cemetery proves to be the most appropriate option then I will have to resolve those beliefs within the project.


Memorial exhibit - photo by TD
Walk a few metres into the room above, the first in the memorial exhibit and a ceremonial fanfare plays loudly, followed by speech, no doubt regaling those present tales of bravery and valour. I'm sure the effect is quite rousing when the room is full of its irregular school visits, but alone and English, it was rather eerie and quite sad.

Koreans seem to be a practical people. It turns out that if an escalator is left unused for a period of time it will stop until someone approaches. Though applaudable it is rather sad that I discovered this at rush hour at the new subway station for the National Cemetery.
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